Avengers: Endgame

Framestore was tasked with breathing life into a ‘Smart Hulk,’ a never-seen-before Bruce Banner / Hulk hybrid. Balancing the human performance of Banner and the seismic power of the Hulk required a deft mix of cutting-edge tech and Framestore’s world-renowned animation, and the result is a striking fully-CG character whose unique performance is loaded with human nuance, emotion and comedy. To kick-start this process, a small team at Framestore were tasked with developing their machine-learning technology to take source footage of Mark Ruffalo and create a solve from that to match it in animation; ‘it was a way of convincing the client that we had the software that could do this quickly,’ explains Robert Allman, CG Supervisor. The result was a first pass of animation that could be used by the filmmakers to decide on the edit and begin the process of refining and adding face-shapes to use in the rig. Keyframe animation was then deployed for over 60 Smart Hulk shots, with head cam footage from the shoot used for reference. This performance was key for the animators on the film, ‘it was absolutely about channeling Bruce Banner,’ explains Max Solomon, Animation Supervisor. ‘His face is very expressive. Every nuance, every little twitch and eye dart, slight curl of the lip and muscle tension needed to be translated.’

Smart Hulk’s facial build was particularly challenging, as VFX Supervisor Stuart Penn explains: ‘There was a lot of work involved as their face shapes are so different - Hulk is massive, his mouth proportionally bigger, his eyes are sunken with deeper sockets. Tiny changes to his face had a huge effect on the performance.’ A new subset of facial shapes was built to enable the animators to achieve more complex and nuanced expression and give them more control in the animation.

The studio were also tasked with animating Rocket. The wise-talking raccoon returned to Framestore, who originated his character for Marvel Studios’ Guardians of the Galaxy, before upgrading him for Vol. 2. A little greyer around the muzzle, he required careful tweaking. Says Allman, ‘changes had to be subtle as small tweaks could make him look like a completely different character or even animal.’ Rocket was treated to a new flight suit, complete with a dapper red scarf and goggles, ‘there was a lot of detail to the costume,’ says Penn, ‘building the threads, adding a fine groom, right down to the texture of the bobbles of his scarf.’

The Avengers wear Quantum suits made of high-tech armoured cloth and carbon fibre which they don to travel through the quantum realm. The actors had been shot in their individual outfits, so Framestore built digi-doubles before replacing the costumes on the ten characters made up of an array of body types and proportions; ranging from Rocket and Black Widow to Nebula and Hulk. Based on concepts provided by Marvel Studios, the artists built a prototype suit for Captain America that was then adapted for each Avenger. These suits then had to manifest over their original outfits using the nanobot technology Framestore developed for Iron Man’s bleeding-edge Infinity War suit. Their helmets, based on Ant Man’s, also needed to be built in CG and manifest in the same way over the actor’s face. ‘The helmet is a snug but mechanical design,’ adds Allman. ‘We used the nanobot tech to give the impression that it comes out of nowhere.’

The team also had the chance to use their creativity to create a series of mesmerising quantum effects. Ant Man’s ‘Quantum van,’ which first features at the end of Marvel Studios’ Ant-Man and The Wasp, is revisited in Endgame as the Avengers test how it works. Says Penn, ‘we had to match the original effect and then amp it up as there’s a lot more going on; we had a lot more shots and see it from different angles.’ Framestore built the whole model; based on scans from the original, combining comp, lighting and FX to achieve the look. 2D LookDev Lead Tomas Lefebve used Nuke to get as close to the original look as possible before breaking it apart to decide on which elements needed 3D FX. Says Enrik Pavdeja, Compositing Supervisor, ‘we worked up lots of optical FX in compositing; heat distortions, colour breakup, aberrations and even our own blue plasma. We passed these pre-comps to lighting to create the interactive quantum plasma before FX.’

This effect is magnified with the build of the Quantum Gate, the Avengers’ time travel portal that features in 22 spellbinding shots. ‘We had a lot of freedom to work with the brief - in terms of the opticals, colour and luminosity’, says Allman. The gate has a similar look to the van but needed to be much more geometry-based, integrating with the shrinking Avengers and FX. Says Pavdeja, ‘A lot of the view of the characters was from the top down and we had to show them not only shrinking but falling down in 3D space - quite a difficult thing to do in 2D. We started to employ a lot more optical effects; time echoes, a few flares thrown in there, atmospherics, smoke, heat distortions,  aberrations and some lens-tilt to achieve a marriage between foreground and background.’

Complex CG environments were also required, with Framestore crafting much of the Avengers hangar base, replacing green screen shot on location of the interior space, as well as exterior views from the windows. The team then turned to an establishing shot of an environment which they knew intimately: Asgard. Having destroyed it in Marvel Studios’ Thor: Ragnarok, Framestore were required to piece it back together. ‘Our Asgard was synced into FX and the destruction we did for Ragnarok so the challenge was working out which version of what would be the one to use,’ says Allman. The sequence originally began with a shot of  Odin's tower from over the mountains, which the team worked on for six months before a decision to switch to the more traditional front view point was made. Says Penn, ‘miraculously we just switched the camera, rendered it and were surprised to discover that it actually worked. It also made for a much better shot.’

Framestore delighted in being part of the creative team behind the VFX of Avengers: Endgame: the epic conclusion to the first 22 films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. From bringing Smart Hulk into the MCU, revisiting Rocket, building environments and futuristic FX, the film presented a variety of different challenges that the team relished.

$2.79 billion

Worldwide Box Office (July 2019)

$1.2 billion

Worldwide Box Office Opening Weekend

The Avengers have been triumphant, and as entertainment, they have been unconquerable. - Peter Bradshaw, The Guardian

Endgame feels like a triumph of narrative engineering — weaving in enough callbacks to earlier movies to delight even the nerdiest patrons. - Brian Lowry, CNN

It’s special that Marvel manages to achieve the seemingly impossible in ‘Endgame’: creating a movie steeped in years of lore that still manages to recapture the excitement of watching your very first Marvel experience. - Alex Abad-Santos, Vox

If ‘Infinity War’ was billed as a must-see event for all moviegoers then ‘Endgame’ is the ultimate fan-service follow-up. - Peter Dubruge, Variety

What "The Deathly Hallows" was to "Harry Potter," what "Return of the Jedi" was to the original "Star Wars," this gargantuan "Endgame" will be to the "Avengers." - Rafer Guzzman, Newsday

Endgame reinforces that there's still a beating heart beneath all the machinery. - Esther Zuckerman, Thrillest

The smarts behind Smart Hulk - Beforeandafters.com

Framestore Breathes Life into Smart Hulk for Avengers: Endgame - LBB

Avengers: Endgame VFX Breakdown  - Animation Boss

Herleef 'Avengers: Endgame': Gave foto's Smart Hulk & VFX-beelden Thor - Film Totaal

Those time suits in ‘Endgame’ were all completely digital - Beforeandafters.com

AVENGERS – ENDGAME: Stuart Penn (VFX Supervisor) with Max Solomon (Animation Supervisor) – Framestore - Art of VFX

Exclusive ‘Avengers: Endgame’ Images Reveal How Mark Ruffalo Turned into Smart Hulk - Collider.com

Framestore Brings Smart Hulk to Life in Marvel’s ‘Avengers: Endgame’  - AWN

Exclusive Interview – Visual Effects Supervisor Stuart Penn on Avengers: Endgame - Flickering Myth

Why 'Avengers: Endgame’s' Time Suits were so complicated to make - Yahoo News

Those new Avengers: Endgame suits were completely digital - Digital Spy

It turns out those snazzy new suits in 'Avengers: Endgame' never existed - Deseret News

Box Office: 'Avengers: Endgame' Passes 'Avatar' to Become No. 1 Grossing Film of All Time - The Hollywood Reporter

Avengers: Endgame VFX Interview with Enrik Pavdeja, Compositing Supervisor - VFX Online